Wednesday, 14 May 2014

The Digital Native Essay

Name: Sherice Mitchell
Class: 2BHSS
I.D. #: 20123797
Lecturer: Mr. Onywere
Course: Educational Technology
Date: February 21, 2014







Title Page
“What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet”. (Prensky, 2001)


This assessment task is based on the article by Prensky (2001). Write a six (6) page essay which uses or captures the quotation above and the criteria provided below.(N.B. The cover page and reference page are not included in the six (6) pages required.)

1.     Discuss three (3) ways in which Digital Natives demonstrate being “native speakers” of the digital language.
2.     Explain one (1) implication for the teacher who teaches Digital Natives.
3.     Describe one (1) implication for policy makers in their quest to equip Digital Natives with the required skills for the future.
4.     Using relevant examples, give details of three (3) ways in which the teacher could integrate technology in teaching and learning, to aid in improving the quality of students’ learning experiences. The examples given should indicate how the teacher will be able to speak the language of the “Digital Natives” and improve the quality of education for our students.
Please note that included in the criteria for assessment are evidence of research, use of language and proper referencing using APA.
Mark Scheme
Content
25 marks
Evidence of Research
2 marks
Language
3 marks
Total
30 marks


“What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet”. (Prensky, 2001).

In the twenty first century we as members of society have seen and or continuing to see how the technology has been impacting and changing the today’s world. The young people of today’s society are more technologically advanced than the older persons. They are able to learn and adapt to the different variety of technology such as the phones, computers and video games that are readily made available. Who are these young people? They are referred to as the “Digital Natives”. According to Techopedia “Digital Native is an individual who was born after the widespread adoption of digital technology”. Digital natives demonstrate that they are native speakers of the digital language by incorporating the using of the internet, video games and cell phones into their daily lives. One implication for teachers who teaches digital natives is that some of the teachers are not as technology advanced as the students; therefore they are not able to cater for the different learning needs. Thus students become bored. One implication for policy makers in their quest to equip Digital Natives with the required skills for the future is that policy makers were not prepared to accommodate the changing needs of this new generation of learners entering Colleges and Universities, therefore the resources that are needed to enhance the teaching process and that will help to mould these young people that will become teachers of the future are lacking. A teacher could integrate technology in the teaching and learning, to aid in improving the quality of students’ learning by incorporating a digital projector into the lesson, use multimedia to engage students and computers.

The term digital native does not refer to a particular generation. Instead, it is a catch-all category for children who have grown up using technology like the Internet, computers and mobile devices. This exposure to technology in the early years is believed to give digital natives a greater familiarity with and understanding of technology than people who were born before it was widespread. Gone are those days when children would gather together and play games and have fun together on the outside. In today’s society children prefer to stay indoors and watch the television, play their video games, use the internet for various reasons and cell phones. According to the model, in 2012 there were around 363 million digital natives out of a world population of around 7 billion – or 5.2 per cent young people aged 15 to 24, this means that 30 per cent of the world’s youth have been active online for at least five years. This makes one think, “What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet”. (Prensky, 2001).
Digital natives demonstrate that they are native speakers of the digital language by incorporating the using of internet into their daily lives. Young people aged 16 to 24 are digital natives, meaning that the internet is a ‘natural’ space for them and is fully integrated in to their lives. The fact that young people can interact and communicate with family and friends by emailing each other and taking on face book as well as the other social medias, maintain their anonymity, play games, watch movies and videos and carry out researches empowers them to use the internet. Young people’s use of ‘new media’ allows them to create a continuous stream of multiple conversations, interweaving differing media formats. They associate the internet with a strong sense of community. Computers and the internet service being established in schools has improved education due to the fact that students are better able to navigate the internet and gain easy access information, it allows students to become motivated, allows students to participate in class discussions. These young people have learnt the language of the computer and the internet as they communicate instantly with their peers. These digital native students adapt quickly to the changes in their environment and look for new ways to incorporate the latest technology in their fast-paced lives.
            Another technology that Digital Natives incorporate in their daily lives is the using of cell phones. This generation has a special affinity to mobile devices - young people often carry their mobile phones with them at all times to keep a constant connection with their friends while also consuming and creating digital media. Cell phone are now the primary means of sharing videos and images among young people in many places, they either send pictures to each other by phone or they pass their cell phones around. Photo albums appear to be a thing of the past. Digital natives can be anywhere in the World and use their phone to communicate and socialize with other people by means of the internet. These young people lives are taken up the task of texting and chat with instant messaging.

            Digital natives also demonstrate that they are native speakers of the digital language by incorporating video-games into their daily lives. Electronic or video games are interactive games that can be played on a personal home computer (PC), television or portable hand-held device. Electronic games are also being played on the internet, mobile and ‘smart’ phones and other digital devices such as iPods.  Video games also provide many opportunities for simultaneous learning. Video games are craved by young people which can be used as a motivational tool, a tool for socialization and helps with the cognitive development.

The World has radically changed, and technology is driving much of the change we see. When many of today’s teachers were children the primary sources of information were libraries and encyclopaedias. Today the internet is the major source of information. With the internet and many other new technologies questions can be answered in just a matter of seconds. Today’s students visit Google more often than the library. Just as modern technology has already altered our world drastically, it is certain that there are many more changes to come in the future. Today’s learners are often referred to as “digital natives.”  A digital native process and deals with information differently from how previous generations do. Digital natives also tend to be more visual and interpret and develop images easily. Digital natives learn better through discovery than simply being told information. One implication for teachers who teaches Digital Natives is that the current educational strategies and practices must keep up with our ever changing world. Therefore this has a negative impact on the teachers who teaches digital natives as the students can be ahead of the teachers and get bored when the teachers are teaching due to the fact that they are unable to implement technology in their teaching and learning process. Some teacher’s refuses to incorporate technology in their lessons while others find it difficult to adapt to the new technologies and learn how to operate and implement them in the classrooms. According to (Prensky 2001) Our Digital Immigrant instructors, who speak an outdated language (that of the pre-digital age), are struggling to teach a population that speaks an entirely new language”.
  

One implication for policy makers in their quest to equip Digital Natives with the required skills for the future is that the current educational system is not equipped to accommodate the changing needs of this new generation of learners entering Colleges and Universities. For example the Colleges and University of Jamaica lack professional development systems, pedagogy, the curriculum system need to be more advanced so as to meet the needs of these “Digital Natives” and the infrastructure of the schools. Even though there has been a strong push to get educational technologies in the hands of teachers and student-teachers. Because these Digital Natives are not equipped with these tools that will provide them with the necessary skills they are not able to prepare for the future. Therefore the Government has to be finding means and ways of providing for these Tertiary Institutions. Because the Government did not plan for these young people it will take awhile for them to pull together the resources that are need in the Tertiary Institutions. Lack of resources such as the development system and curriculum system equals lack of skills.
Integrating technology into classroom instruction means more than teaching basic computer skills and software programs in a separate computer class. Effective teaching integration must happen across the curriculum in ways that research shows deepen and enhance the learning process. In particular, it must support four key components of learning: active engagement, participation in groups, frequent interaction and feedback, and connection to real-world experts. Effective technology integration is achieved when the use of technology is routine and transparent and when technology supports curricular goals. Therefore, the teacher could integrate a digital projector into the lesson. Digital projectors are the most exciting classroom tool ever. As people say a picture is worth a thousand words. The teacher could project his or her desktop image on the screen for the students to see.  For example the teacher is teaching a History topic such as “The Indigenous People”, the teacher could project pictures on his or her desktop showing the Indigenous People. This would show that the teacher is adapting to the digital age and using the technologies of the digital age to fit into his or her lesson. This would allow the students to get a better understanding of the topic and be better able to imagine or visualize who those people were. This would allow students to actively engage in the teaching and learning process. Thus learning would take place and the quality of education would be improved.
            The teacher could also integrate the multimedia technology in the lesson to enhance the teaching and learning process. For example the teacher could be teaching about “Economy and Slavery” he or she could do a power point presentation and share it with the class. The power point presentation would include texts, videos, animations and sounds that would grab the students attention, thus make teaching and learning more worthwhile. The teacher implementing all those forms of technology into the classroom would show that the teacher is able to manipulate and incorporate technology into his or her daily life in order to improve the quality of the children education. The power point presentation would help to deliver the lecture more effectively because it is only one part of the interactive classroom experience. This would therefore, improve the quality of the student’s learning experience.
             Another technology that the teacher could implement in his or her class is the computer. Computers have evolved and they have changed the way they look and the way they function. Now days we have both desktop computers and portable computers commonly known as notebooks or laptops. New technologies have also emerged and birthed some new computer related gadgets like the iPad or Galaxy tablet. These computers can be used by teachers to assign work to students and study groups in a classroom. Also teachers can use computers to illustrate visual related subjects which help students to learn easily. Modern computers come with installed applications which can help students study well. For example, students can use internet explorer to search the internet, they can use word processing application to write notes. Teachers can also help their students to learn complicated applications on these computers as a way of making it easier for students to learn and also make the teacher’s job easier. Therefore, the quality of education for the students will be improved.

                                                              References

Czerniewicz, L. and Brown, C. (2005). Information and communication technology (ICT) use in teaching and learning practices in Western Cape higher education institutions. Perspectives in
Education, 23 (4) 1 – 18.


David, B. (2008). “Origins and concepts of digital literacy,” In: Colin Lankshear and Michele Knobel (editors). Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices. New York: Peter
Lang, pp. 17–32.


Etienne, W. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Howe, N., and Strauss, B. (2000). Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. New York:
Vintage Books.


 Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon (MCB University
Press, Vol. 9 No. 5.



The Assure Model Lesson Plan

Lesson Plan Assure Model

Subject:          Social Studies

Topic:             Our Cultural Dance Forms

Subtopic:         Jonkunnu Dance Form

Grade:                        7A

Age Group:    12-13 year

Time:            15-20 minutes

Date:              April 7, 2014

Analyze Learners
The lesson plan is prepared for student at the grade 7 level. The class population consists of 45 students mainly female. Most of the students love Social Studies, this they show by giving full attention and participating. The class contains student who have varied learning styles such as visual, auditory and kinetic, thus, technology has to be implemented in the class to cater for each and every student need. Technology been implemented in the Social Studies class will aim at maintaining the students attention span as there are numerous activities that can be done by using technology that are fun and exciting. Some students prefer to view video clippings and observe images, these are the visual learners meanwhile others learn best when they hear information, these students are referred to as auditory learners. Therefore, this lesson plan is been done to cater to each and every student need so that meaningful teaching and learning can take place.
Entry competencies
Students will:  
Be introduced the Jonkunnu Dance Form.


Learning Styles
It can be observed that the students learning style varies from the visual learning style, to the auditory and the kinetic learning styles. In order to ensure that each student actually learns, it is the duty of the teachers to cater to there every need. According to Dale’s Cone of Experience students remember 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they see and hear, 70% of what they say and 90% of what they say and do. Therefore, activities have to be prepared to in such away as to stimulate learning.    
Objectives:
Students should be able to:
1.      Describe the Jonkunnu dance form after reading the hand-out.

2.      Compare and contrast the Jonkunnu dance form with the present day dance in our society after reading the information on the power point.


3.      Show appreciation for the relevance of the Jonkunnu dance form in today’s society after watching the video.



Selected Media, Materials and Methods
Projector: The teacher will use the projector to allow the students to view PowerPoint Presentation.
Computer: A computer will be used to run slides on the overhead projector.
Marker: This will be used to write on the whiteboard.

Skills:
Ø  Critical thinking
Ø  Collaborative learning
Ø  Class discussion
Key Concepts
Jonkunnu dance form: A band of masqueraders who usually perform in towns and villages at Christmas time
Christmas Season: An annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ and a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of people around the World.
Slavery: It is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold and are forced to work.
Emancipation: Full emancipation came in 1838, a system that had been tried and tested in the Caribbean since the sixteenth century came to an end.
Cultural Heritage: The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations and maintained.



Content Summary
The purpose of this lesson is to introduce the students to the Jonkunnu dance form by the implementation of technology which will seek to engage the students. This will not only allow the students to learn about the dance but they will also develop effective technological skills that will be worthwhile for present and future use. Dance has formed a very crucial part of our cultural heritage. Many of our cultural activities and traditions have been passed down to us through this medium. The dances that we are accustomed to today have a rich historical background as they were done by our African ancestors during slavery. Our ancestors once danced to the rhythm of their hands and feet, drums or anything they could lay their hands on that could maintain a beat. Christmas time was one of the few times when the slaves could gather to celebrate. The Jonkunnu dance form was named after an African chief known as John Conny.  During the Christmas season the slaves would dress up and put on masks. Persons would play the role of Belly Woman, Pitchy Patchy, Horse Head, King and Queen.

Description of the Jonkonnu Dance Form
v  The Jonkunnu dance form was carried out by slaves in Jamaica.
v  The Jonkonnu dance was done during the Christmas season.
v  The Jonkonnu dance form includes characters such as: Belly Woman, Pitchy-Patchy and Cow Head
v  The Jonkonnu dance form was done in areas such as St. Thomas, St. Mary and St. Catherine.
v  The Jonkonnu dance form was named after a chief known as John Conny.
v  The Jonkonnu dance form is of the African origin.
v  The Jonkonnu dance form became less important during the emancipation period.


Show appreciation for the relevance of the Jonkonnu dance form and carnival in today’s society
v  The Jonkonnu dance form is still practiced in some parishes such as St. Mary.
v  The Jonkonnu dance form is still been practiced at cultural festivals.
v  The Jonkonnu dance form is still done at   Jamaica’s Anniversaries to preserve the heritage of Jamaica.
v  Carnival is a festive season which occurs immediately before Lent the main events are usually during February.
v  Carnival typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some elements of a masked and public street party.
Procedure
1.      The lesson will be introduced with a Game. The game will be used as the introductory activity. This will be done to enhance prior knowledge. The students will participate in the playing of the game on the computer by answering the questions, points will be awarded to the correct answers, a point varies from 200 to a 1000. The students who do not know the answer to the questions will guess. The introductory activity will take (5) A projector will also be used so that the students who are seated at the back can see what is been done clearly.

Step 1
The teaching strategies that will be used are Discussion, Explanation, Questioning and Cooperative Learning.  After the introductory activity where the students had been engaged in questioning, individuals will be selected to read different paragraphs on the hand-out which will be projected. The hand-out will be done to describe the Jonkonnu dance form. After which the teacher will randomly called on students to describe the Jonkonnu dance form based on what they had heard from the audio visual. The discussion process will take place; therefore, misconceptions will be cleared up. Based on the students answers the teacher will be able to detect if learning has taken place or was made effective.
Step 2
 Students will be provided with computers with internet access to view information, to run the slides for the power point presentation and to view still pictures on the overhead projector. The students will use the information technology lab which consists of approximately (20) computers, which will allow one student to work at his/her individual desk. The power point presentation will provide students with information whereby they will be asked to compare and contrast the Jonkunnu dance form with the present day dance in today’s society such as the carnival. The teacher will seek to explain the necessary details so that the students can develop their knowledge base.

 Step 3
The students will watch a video-clip showing the Jonkonnu dance form. After which the students will be asked to show appreciation for the relevance of the dance form in today’s society. The aim of the video is draw the attention of the students. The video will also cater to more than one of the learning styles as students will be able to hear and observe what is been done in the video.

Lesson Summary
The lesson will be summarized by using game which was used as the introductory and which set the tone for the rest of the lesson. This will allow the teacher to know which level the students are at and how much they have learnt. By doing this the teacher will know at what pace to set each lesson and how to cater for the different learning styles.

Culminating Activity:
The students will be asked to compare and contrast the Jonkunnu dance form with the present day dance in today’s society.

Evaluation
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


My Wiki

Subject: Caribbean History
Grade: 7 A

Instruction: students will be placed into groups of four whereas they will be asked to read the passage and have open discussion on the topic below in order to make learning effective.

Topic: The Sugar Revolution and Slavery
The sugar cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean through the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, as almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. The main source of labour until the abolition of slavery was African slaves. These plantations produced 80 to 90 percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe. In the 19th century sugar dominated Martinique, Grenada, Saint Croix, Jamaica, Barbados, Leeward Islands, Saint Domingue,, Cuba, Guyana and many other islands that were run by French or British owners. During the late 19th and 20th centuries the sugar cane industry came to dominate Puerto Rico's economy, both under the colonial rule of Spain and the United States of America.
Sugar was the most important crop throughout the Caribbean, although other crops such as coffee, indigo, and rice were also grown. The sugar was best grown on relatively flat land that was near the coast where the soil was naturally yellow and fertile, so mountainous parts of the islands were less likely to be used for sugar.
In the mid-17th century sugar cane was brought into the British West Indies by the Dutch from Brazil. Upon landing in Barbados and other islands, they quickly urged local farmers to change their main crops from cotton and tobacco to sugar cane. With depressed prices of cotton and tobacco due mainly to stiff competition from the North American colonies, the farmers switched, leading to a boom in the Caribbean economies. Sugar was quickly snapped up by the British who used the sugar for cakes, and sweetener in teas.

During the colonial period, the arrival of sugar culture deeply impacted society and economy in the Caribbean. It not only dramatically increased the ratio of slaves to free men, but also the average size of slave plantations. Early sugar plantations made extensive use of slaves because sugar was considered a cash crop that exhibited economies of scale in cultivation; it was most efficiently grown on large plantations with many workers. As a result, slaves were imported from Africa to work on the plantations. For example, before 1650 more than three-quarters of the island’s population was white. In 1680, the median size of a plantation in Barbados had increased to about 60 slaves. Over the decades, the sugar plantations became larger and larger. In 1832, the median plantation in Jamaica had about 150 slaves, and nearly one of every four bondsmen lived on units that had at least 250 slave.

For about the next 100 years Barbados remained the richest of all the European colonies in the Caribbean region. The colony's prosperity remained regionally unmatched until sugar cane production grew in geographically larger countries such as Saint-Domingue, Jamaica and elsewhere. As part of the mass sugar production, the process gave rise to other related commodities such as rum, molasses, and Falernum.
The West India Interest was formed in the 1740s when the British merchants joined with the West Indian sugar planters. The British and West Indies shared profits and needs. This organization was the first sugar trading organization which had a large voice in parliament.

In the 1740s, Jamaica and Saint-Domingue (Haiti) became the world’s main sugar producers. They increased the production by using an irrigation system that French engineers built. The engineers also built reservoirs, diversion dams, levees, aqueducts and canals. In addition, they improved their mills and used varieties of cane and grasses.
After the abolition of slavery in Saint Domingue as a result of the Haitian Revolution, Cuba became the most substantial sugar plantation colony in the Caribbean, outperforming the British islands.
After slavery, sugar plantations used a variety of forms of labour including workers imported from India under contracts of indenture. In the 20th century, large-scale sugar production using wage labour continued in many parts of the region.
By the early 21st century many Caribbean islands were no longer producing sugar. However, sugar is still grown in Jamaica and Cuba, among other countries.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzrZw6_Q9KladkR5cGN5MEN0NWs/edit?usp=sharing

In the seventeenth century both in the English and to a lesser extent in the French islands, a change occurred in the basic cash crop. Th is change was so rapid and far-reaching that ‘revolutionary’ is a fitting word to describe it. It ranks in importance with emancipation, for the sugar revolution changed the Lesser Antilles completely. It was not just that sugar replaced tobacco as the chief crop:

  1. the population changed from white to black; the
  2. size of landholdings changed; and eventually the
  3. West Indies became ‘the cockpit of Europe.
  4. The list of changes the sugar revolution brought is almost inexhaustible.


For further reading students can visit these sites:
  • The Sugar Revolution - Macmillan Caribbean
  • The Sugar Revolution and Slavery
  • The Sugar Revolution
  • Sugar Revolution (Barbadian History)

Podcast

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzrZw6_Q9KladkR5cGN5MEN0NWs/edit?usp=sharing

Tuesday, 13 May 2014

My General Reflection on Education Technology

Reflection on the Education Technology Course
The Education Technology Course is a course that has inspired me as a student-teacher as it taught me how to interact with the different students in the classroom that are of the twenty-first century. I have learnt that the students of the twenty-first century are referred to as digital natives who are influenced by technology whether inside or outside of the classroom meanwhile digital immigrants are those persons who were born before the twenty-first century and find it difficult to implement technology in their everyday life.  As a result the educators have to keep in tuned to effectively teach the students we have today and this can only happen if these educators are taught the Education Technology Course which equips teachers with the methods, strategies and tools that are necessary for learning. The Educational Technology course has given attention to the National Educational Technology Standards for Students (NETSS) which encourages effective teachers to  model and apply the use of technology as they design, implement, and assess learning experiences to engage students and improve learning; enrich professional practice; and provide positive models for students, colleagues, and the community.

Educational Technology has taught me to use the Addie and the Assure Model lesson plans in order to construct lessons that will cater to the different learning styles and that is more student centred that teacher centred. With learning being primarily student centered, the Assure model lesson plan stresses the analysis of the learner, clearly stating the objectives, selection of the material, media, and methods, the utilization of the media and materials requisition of the learners attention and proper evaluation. I have also learnt about the different ways of engaging  the students in the lessons with interactive videos such webQuest, wiki, podcast along with others technological tools that were introduced to us. It can be said that Education Technology plays a major role on individuals in society as we all have to depend on society.